I have the exact same problem with my 2017 Chevy Suburban Premier. It is precisely 10 seconds from when it connects to when it stops charging. I’ve tested the pattern several times and it is consistent, clearly being controlled by the phone handshake with the wireless charger. To rule out any influence by the phone case, I tested with and without a case, no change, connects then fails. I also tried the phone forward pointing and backward pointing on the pad to see if the direction of the phone mattered; no change. I then tested with my Son's iPhone 15 Pro (identical to mine, except still running iOS 17.0.3). It works perfectly, just as mine did yesterday morning before the upgrade to iOS 17.1 in the afternoon. I also checked my Wife's iPhone 12 running iOS 16 and that too works fine. Finally, I tested my AirPods, they charge fine on the pad so I am confident there is nothing wrong with the center console charging pad in my Suburban.
This is clearly points to a new bug / failure introduced by the release of iOS 17.1 as Apple is attempt to fix the BMW / Toyota Supra catastrophic NFC failure issue. I opened a case with Apple tonight and the tech support individual acknowledged they are still working the charging issue in iOS and our issues with the GM charger is likely related; an unintended new issue created as they tried to fix the other issue. In case you need it, the wireless module in my vehicle (which is the upgraded module) and likely the one in your 2020 is LG part #WC900A05, which is a Gen II Qi certified wireless charging module. I guess for now, we need to be patient for the next iOS revision. The Apple tech confirmed they are working on it already.
Articles about the BMW / Supra Issue
https://www.macrumors.com/2023/10/01/bmw-charging-may-break-iphone-15-nfc-chip/
https://www.macworld.com/article/2117398/ios-17-bug-wireless-charging-nfc-bmw-toyota-supra.html