Thickness I honestly couldn’t tell you. I used (most do) bicycle inner tube. I bought the Goodyear off road bike tire innertube and cut it down to be the thickness of the spring.
You are exactly correct. You cut it into strips the width of the spring. Jack the truck up to relieve all pressure on the suspension and then take a pry bar (I wrapped mine in a shop towel) and pull the spring apart ever so slightly and slide it in. Do this for all contact points. It helped mine tremendously. The shackles I am not sure on. I still get a slight thump when I slow down fast on a decline, but it is very rare and I just dont notice it anymore. I went the route of the dealership (I bought certified pre owned) and got the same run around as you are getting. I got frustrated and did the inner tube trick and it has worked out for me. I honestly do not think GM will release a "fix" for this minus packing the springs with so much grease it is ridiculous.
I am 99.9% sure you are right on the buffering. From the research I have done, Dodge and Ford alike have their systems buffer where as GM does not, so if we hit a "dead zone" it immediately goes out. This happens to me every time I go under and overpass or in some dead areas around where I live.
Just wanted to give an update. I did the rubber fix for mine this weekend, it worked. I used Goodyear bicycle inner tube. I will say it made me chuckle as I was underneath the truck sliding it in and read the big MADE IN MEXICO stamp on my spring and then the MADE IN USA on my inner tube. I would upload photos but it looks exactly as above and followed the same procedure as paumat.
I will take some pics this evening if I get around to doing it. If I do not then I will upload some pics Saturday. This better fix it. I am going to blow a gasket soon I am telling you, I had a 2002 Z71 200,000+ miles and the leaf springs never made a sound.
Worth a shot but to be honest, if they do decide to do warranty work you will have them greased (it won't fix it long term), then have them replaced (again not a long term), and then get fed up and do the rubber like everyone else has had to do. It makes me angry GM cannot admit the problem and get a fix out, either some better springs or a rubber not plastic silencer.
Update to this, clunk came back, I am putting rubber in today. That is the only fix that I have seen here on this forum and others that actually works. I am using inner tube from a bicycle tire. We will see what happens.
I have had the issue on my 2014 crew cab Z71. Went to the dealer, they did the grease "fix" lasted all of about 2 weeks. I went back, they installed new springs again the clunk returned. I got fed up and took it to a car wash, blew the springs with high pressure water to clean out all the grease they had packed in there. I went and bought a high quality dry graphite lube. I pried the springs and sprayed a liberal amount and let them dry. No clunk as of yet (couple days) but if it comes back then I will go with the putting bike tube in between them. It is amazing to me that a $50,000 truck can sound like it is 10 years old and been towing its whole life.